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제목	Antioxidant Effects of Kepel Fruit (Stelechocarpus burahol) For Future Perspective of Chronic Kidney Disease Diet: A Systematic Literature Review
저자	Diajeng Salsabila Kanae
출판정보	2026; 2026(1):
키워드	Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume), Kepel Fruit, Antioxidant, Oxidative Stress, Chronic Kidney Disease
초록	Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by progressive loss of renal function and is strongly associated with elevated oxidative stress and inflammation, which contribute to nephron damage and progression to end-stage renal failure. Natural antioxidants have been explored as potential adjunctive agents to mitigate oxidative damage in CKD. Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume), commonly known as Kepel fruit, is an endemic Indonesian fruit traditionally used for medicinal purposes and increasingly studied for its high content of phenolic and flavonoid bioactive compounds with potent antioxidant properties. These phytochemicals may modulate oxidative processes that are also implicated in the pathophysiology of CKD, such as lipid peroxidation and decreased activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Despite abundant preclinical research, the extent to which Kepel fruit antioxidants could influence oxidative stress and renal outcomes has not been systematically reviewed in the context of chronic kidney injury. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies published between January 2023 and January 2026 investigating antioxidant properties of Stelechocarpus burahol with relevance to oxidative stress and renal pathophysiology. Results: Out of 112 titles identified, 87 full-text articles were screened, four studies met the inclusion criteria. Recent phytochemical and experimental studies demonstrated that Kepel fruit extracts possess strong antioxidant activity, with high levels of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins capable of scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress markers. Although no clinical studies in CKD patients were identified, the antioxidant mechanisms observed are biologically relevant to pathways implicated in CKD progression. Conclusion: Current evidence suggests that Stelechocarpus burahol exhibits potent antioxidant properties with potential relevance to CKD pathophysiology. Further preclinical studies in kidney disease models and well-designed clinical trials are required to establish its nephroprotective efficacy in CKD patients.
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